As one of the 12 flagship programs under the African Union’s Agenda 2063, the Continental Free Trade Area (CFTA) is a key test of the determination of Africa to work resolutely towards achieving an integrated, peaceful and prosperous Africa by 2063. Africa must therefore get it right, writes Francis Mangeni.
As Africa launches its massive Continental Free Trade Area (CFTA) on 21 March 2018 in Kigali at an extra-ordinary Summit of the African Union to be hosted by President Paul Kagame, the most important priority for the last minute preparatory meetings must be to ensure good content and quality. This is to avoid launching an empty or redundant CFTA.
The CFTA promises enormous benefits and welfare gains by doubling intra-Africa trade, but this will all depend on how good the deal finally agreed is and how soon it kicks in. Africa is the last stronghold of poverty on earth, with some of the worst human development indicators.
As one of the 12 flagship programs under the African Union’s Agenda 2063, the CFTA is a key test of the determination of Africa to work resolutely towards achieving an integrated, peaceful and prosperous Africa by 2063. Africa must therefore get it right.
The CFTA will include trade in services, which is of huge strategic importance for Africa. Services already contribute on average to more than 50 percent of the GDPs of African countries. Services constitute key enablers for development, such as communication, transport, banking, insurance, energy, education, and health. Services are high growth areas, such as tourism and construction. In many cases, it is all that young professionals have for earning a living, namely, their skills. The idea of entrepreneurial universities, where course work and dissertations should result in commercializable ideas and business propositions, rather than just paper degrees at graduation, will need vibrant services markets.
There is an increasing body of literature suggesting that services will provide new pathways for Africa towards social economic transformation. In their recent book “The Unexplored Potential of Trade in Services in Africa”, Nora Dihel and Arti Grover Goswami graphically and empirically demonstrate how trade in services is providing much needed employment and incomes to ordinary people, and contributing towards social economic transformation.
What will be required soon, however, is to go beyond the framework of rules and disciplines that have been agreed in the Protocol, and identify the services sectors in which to create an African integrated services market and in which to attract investment. This would be followed by sector regulatory frameworks and trade and investment terms and conditions, and creating awareness about these trade and investment opportunities.
Some clear considerations can assist the identification of the initial group of services sectors, to target infrastructure services; services that are already liberalized autonomously or in the regional economic communities; services already opened up at the WTO; and high growth sectors for job creation. On these criteria, the following few services could be initially prioritized: communication, tourism, banking, transport, and energy. Education, health and construction services are just as important and can be put in a second phase to follow soon.
The good news is the Single African Air Transport Market was launched and a protocol on movement of persons concluded only last month, which provide an early harvest in services.
In the area of trade in goods, the main approach to market opening or tariff liberalization will be the linear cut. This is a straightforward approach, in being easy to stage and monitor implementation of. What is required now is to agree on a periodic percentage cut, preferably a transparent common approach. Before this is agreed, there will be no tariff reduction schedule.
However, bilateral tariff negotiations will be a supplementary modality. Bilateral negotiations could be complex in terms of multiple partners to negotiate with and uncertain haggling over specific tariff lines. It will be important to keep the number of negotiation partners to a minimum where possible, through negotiating as groups; and to set a fairly short timeframe for completing the negotiations so they don’t go on endlessly.
The other thing to be addressed is the figures for sensitive and excluded products. Both these categories will cover 10 percent of total product lines, that is, about 600 products. But how many of these can be designated as excluded or sensitive, is the question to be discussed and answered now. It will be important to bear in mind the critical importance of promoting and growing regional value chains, including in agro-processing, chemicals, and automobiles; as well as the services and logistics inputs, which constitute up to 60 percent of the value of final products. In order for this policy space and flexibility not to undermine intra-Africa trade, a cap on a maximum value of imports to be covered by excluded and sensitive products should be set. Africa on the whole trades on few product lines and therefore the CFTA would be redundant if the most traded products were excluded.
To bring the CFTA into effect sooner than later, it is important to agree on rules of origin that can quickly kick in. Agreeing on a general cross-cutting minimum threshold for value addition, say in the range of 20 to 40 percent, and a maximum one for non-originating material in the range of 60 to 80 percent, will greatly facilitate the commencement of the CFTA in earnest, while work on change in tariff heading and product specific rules continues. For this work as well, there should be a timeframe, though experience shows that it is a long painstaking exercise that can run into years.
A critical consideration in agreeing on thresholds or finalizing product specific rules of origin is to promote production of and trade in inputs and other intermediate products within Africa, towards “Made in Africa”, while fully recognizing the reality of global sourcing of some inputs for “Made in the World” products.
And lastly, it would be appropriate if Africa’s Heads of State and Government turned up in large numbers. The CFTA is a milestone which will permanently change the economic geography of Africa and indeed the very narrative about the continent.
Ed.’s Note: Francis Mangeni (PhD) director of Trade and Customs at the secretariat of the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA). The views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect the views of The Reporter.
